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修改系统环境变量
# 编辑全局配置文件
nano /etc/profile
# 在文件末尾添加 PATH 配置
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
# 编辑用户配置文件
nano ~/.bashrc
# 添加常用别名
alias ll='ls -alF'
# 立即生效配置
source ~/.bashrc
- 保存退出并执行 systemctl reboot 重启系统
配置 NTP 时间同步服务
# 备份原配置文件
cp /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf.bak
# 编辑配置文件
nano /etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf
# 设置国内 NTP 服务器（在文件中取消注释并修改）NTP=time1.aliyun.com time2.aliyun.com cn.ntp.org.cn
# 重启时间同步服务
systemctl restart systemd-timesyncd
# 重新加载配置
systemctl daemon-reload
# 查看同步状态
timedatectl timesync-status
确保时间服务已正常运行：
# 检查服务运行状态
sudo systemctl status systemd-timesyncd
使用 CAT 命令配置 APT 源
网易 163 源 (Debian Bullseye)
# 安装必要组件
apt install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates
# 覆盖写入源配置
cat << EOF > /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian-security/ bullseye-security main
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye-updates main non-free contrib
deb http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/debian/ bullseye-backports main non-free contrib
EOF
# 更新源
apt update -y
清华大学源 (Debian Bookworm)
apt install -y apt-transport-https ca-certificates
cat << EOF > /etc/apt/sources.list
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm main contrib non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-updates main contrib non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bookworm-backports main contrib non-free-firmware
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free-firmware
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bookworm-security main contrib non-free-firmware
EOF
apt update -y
腾讯云国际源 (Debian Bookworm)
cat << EOF > /etc/apt/sources.list
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian-security/ bookworm-security main
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-updates main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
deb-src https://mirrors.cloud.tencent.com/debian/ bookworm-backports main non-free non-free-firmware contrib
EOF
apt update -y
安装系统管理工具
# 安装基础工具集
apt install -y curl net-tools ufw
# 安装镜像测速工具
apt install -y netselect-apt
# 测试常用镜像站延迟
netselect ftp.cn.debian.org mirror.lzu.edu.cn mirror.nju.edu.cn \
mirror.nyist.edu.cn mirrors.163.com mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn \
mirrors.jlu.edu.cn mirror.sjtu.edu.cn mirrors.qvq.net.cn \
mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn mirrors.ustc.edu.cn \
mirrors.zju.edu.cn ftp.jp.debian.org \
debian-mirror.sakura.ne.jp dennou-k.gfd-dennou.org \
dennou-q.gfd-dennou.org ftp.jaist.ac.jp ftp.kddilabs.jp \
ftp.nara.wide.ad.jp ftp.riken.jp ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp \
mirrors.xtom.jp repo.jing.rocks
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